Fricative consonant
From Academic Kids
| Manners of articulation |
| Nasal |
| Plosive |
| Fricative |
| Affricate |
| Lateral |
| Approximant |
| Semivowel |
| Liquid |
| Flap/Tap |
| Trill |
| Ejective |
| Implosive |
| Click |
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| [Edit] (http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php?title=Template:Manner_of_articulation&action=edit) |
Fricative consonants are produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together (e.g. the upper teeth and lower lip in the case of Template:IPA, or the back of the tongue and the soft palate, as in the case of German Template:IPA, the final consonant of Bach). This turbulent airflow is called "frication." A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants (sometimes referred to as stridents). When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but the air is directed over the sharp edge of the teeth. English Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA are examples of this.
Sibilant fricatives
- Template:IPA voiceless alveolar fricative
- Template:IPA alveolar ejective fricative
- Template:IPA voiced alveolar fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (domed)
- Template:IPA voiced palato-alveolar fricative (domed)
- Template:IPA voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (laminal)
- Template:IPA voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (laminal)
- Template:IPA voiceless retroflex fricative (apical or sub-apical)
- Template:IPA voiced retroflex fricative (apical or sub-apical)
The sibilants are either alveolar or postalveolar. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation the tongue may be domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. (The sub-apicals, or true retroflexes, are not usually distinguished from the apical retroflexes.) The alveolars may also be apical or laminal, but this is indicated with diacritics rather than separate symbols.
Non-sibilant fricatives
- Template:IPA voiceless bilabial fricative
- Template:IPA voiced bilabial fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless labiodental fricative
- Template:IPA voiced labiodental fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless dental fricative
- Template:IPA voiced dental fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
- Template:IPA voiced alveolar lateral fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless palatal fricative
- Template:IPA voiced palatal fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless velar fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative (disputed)
- Template:IPA voiced velar fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless uvular fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless pharyngeal fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless epiglottal fricative
Approximants or fricatives
- Template:IPA voiced uvular fricative
- Template:IPA voiced pharyngeal fricative
- Template:IPA voiced epiglottal fricative
No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeals and epiglottals, approximants are more numerous than fricatives.
Pseudo-fricatives
The glottal "fricatives" are actually unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. However, they are called fricatives for historical reasons.
In addition, Template:IPA is usually called a voiceless labial-velar fricative, but it is actually an approximant. Doubly-articulated fricatives do not appear to occur.
See English language#Consonants for a table of fricatives in English.
Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives, with 26, some of which do not have symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants).
