Exploitation film
From Academic Kids
Exploitation is the name given to genre of films, extant since the earliest days of moviemaking, but popularized in the 1970s. Exploitation films typically sacrifice traditional notions of artistic merit for the sensational display of some topic about which the audience may be curious, or have some prurient interest. Another term is grindhouse cinema; referring to the usually-disreputable movie theaters that showed them. Many of these inner-city theatres formerly featured burlesque shows which featured "bump and grind" dancing, leading to the term "grindhouse."
Some of the earliest exploitation films were pitched as sensationalist exposés of some drug or sex-related scandal, and were made independently of the major Hollywood studios, thus avoiding restrictions of the Production Code and providing a revenue source for independent theaters. Now that the major motion picture studios allow much more latitude in subject matter, it is not necessary for independent producers to cater to audiences' desires to view such things. Thus, in modern cinema, roles have reversed somewhat, with major studios catering to the so-called "lowest common denominator", while art films are more typically made independently.
Subcategories of exploitation films include the following:
- Classic Exploitation films made in the 1930s and 1940s were sensationalist fare at the time, and are now valued by aficionados for their nostalgic and ironic value. The most famous example of these is Reefer Madness, a sensationalized and notoriously inaccurate attempt to demonize marijuana for Prohibition-era America. Another type of exploitation film of this era was the "hygiene" exploitation film, which featured white-coated "doctors" describing the how-tos of sex education to the fascinated and naive audience. Often times, the film would be attended by another "doctor" in a white coat selling sex-hygeine booklets in the lobby after the film screening. Usually the producers would make significantly more money from the sales of the booklets than the from the tickets to see the film. This type of film was also known as a "road show," because it was shown from town to town and was promoted in advance like a circus or carnival. One of the most famous of these was "Mom and Dad" which featured actual birth footage.
- Black Exploitation, or "blaxploitation" films, are made with black actors, ostensibly for black audiences, and about stereotypically African American themes such as slum life, drugs, and prostitution. Examples from the 1970s, when Blaxploitation was introduced, include Shaft and Superfly.
- Sex Exploitation, or "sexploitation", or Chick Exploitation "chixploitation" films, are similar to soft-core pornography, in that the film serves largely as a vehicle for showing scenes involving nude or semi-nude women. Russ Meyer's Beyond the Valley of the Dolls is one example.
- Shock Exploitation Films (Shock Films), are films containing content designed to be particularly shocking to the audience. This type of exploitation film focus content traditionally thought to be particularly taboo for presentation in film, such as extremely realistic graphic violence, graphic rape depictions, simulated zoophilia and depictions of incest. Examples of shock films include Cannibal Holocaust, Last House on the Left, Fight For Your Life, Run and Kill, Bald Headed Betty, Last House on Dead End Street, Baise-Moi, Thriller: A Cruel Picture, Cannibal Ferox (AKA Make Them Die Slowly), and I Spit On Your Grave. Sometimes these films purport to be the retelling of a true story, such as the Japanese film Schoolgirl in Cement, which dealt with the Junko Furuta murder. The sub-sub-genre of artificial "snuff" films might also belong here, such as the infamous Guinea Pig films, also from Japan.
- "Mondo" exploitation films are quasi-documentary films, often reconstructions of actual or purported events. The events depicted in such films are usually closer in spirit to shock exploitation: they are shocking not only because they deal with taboo subject matter (foreign sexual customs, for instance, or varieties of violent behavior in various societies), but because the on-camera action is allegedly real. Some mondo movies are more blatantly fictitious than others, and the vast majority of them are staged forgeries. Most of them tend to be anthologies of different things under a broad collective label rather than one specific thing. The name "mondo" comes from the first broadly commercially successful movie of this type, Mondo Cane. In Italian this means "A Dog's World," a title that was meant to imply that the world, as showcased in the film, is a nasty, brutal place. "Mondo Cane" was was followed by a number of sequels and spinoffs, many of which were also produced in Italy. Other movies of this type include Addio Zio Tom and the Faces of Death series of films. Sometimes "mondo" films are called shockumentaries (i.e., a combination of shock exploitation and documentary).
- hixploitation ("hick," dealing with rural characters) Many times these films indulge in Southern American stereotypes of race relations, "moonshining," corrupt local law enforcement, and miscegenation.
- dyxploitation ("dyke," profiting from lesbian chic)
Some exploitation movies cross categories freely. Doris Wishman's Let Me Die A Woman contains both shock documentary and sex exploitation elements.
Directors associated with exploitation film include:
- William "One Shot" Beaudine
- Roger Corman
- Dwain Esper
- Jack Hill
- Herschell Gordon Lewis
- Russ Meyer
- Melvin Van Peebles
- John Waters
- Ed Wood, Jr.
- Jim Wynorski
- Fred Olen Ray
Other important figures in exploitation film:
- Kroger Babb
- David F. Friedman
- Harry Novak
- Dan Sonney
- Louis Sonney
- George Weiss
- Roberta Findlay
- Michael Findlay
- Andy Milligan
- Lew Mishkin
Film Genres influenced by exploitation film:
See Also:
