Containerization

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Line3174_-_Shipping_Containers_at_the_terminal_at_Port_Elizabeth,_New_Jersey_-_NOAA.jpg
Thousands of shipping containers at the terminal at Port Elizabeth, New Jersey
A  being loaded by a  crane in  Harbour
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A container ship being loaded by a portainer crane in Copenhagen Harbour
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A container freight train in England
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Part of an American doublestack container train

Containerization is a system of intermodal cargo transport using standard ISO containers that can be loaded on container ships, railroad cars, and trucks. There are three common standard lengths, 20 ft (6.1 m), 40 ft (12.2 m) and 45 ft (13.7 m). Container capacity (of ships, ports, etc) is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). A twenty-foot equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo equal to one standard 20 ft (length) × 8 ft (width) × 8.5 ft (height) container (approximately 39 m3). Most containers today are of the 40-ft variety and thus are 2 TEU. 45 ft containers are also designated 2 TEU. Two TEU are referred to as one FEU or "Forty-foot equivalent unit". These two terms of measurement are used interchangeably. "High cube" containers have a height of 9.5 ft (2.9 m), while half-height containers, used for heavy loads, have a height of 4.25 ft (1.3 m).

Contents

History

Containerization is an important element of the logistics revolution that changed freight handling in the 20th century. Malcolm McLean claimed to have invented the shipping container in the 1930s in New Jersey, but only founded Sea-Land corporation in the 1950s.

McLean explained that while sitting at a dock waiting for cargo he trucked in to be reloaded onto a ship, he realized that rather than loading and unloading the truck, the truck itself (with some minor modifications) could be the container that is transported.

Containerization revolutionized cargo shipping. Today, approximately 90% of cargo moves by containers stacked on transport ships. Over 200 million containers are shipped per year.

The widespread use of ISO standard containers influenced modifications in other freight moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or swap bodies into the same sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight pallets which fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles.

Biggest Container Companies

Top 12 container transportation and shipping companies
(listed in order of number of ships & total equivalent units (TEU) 1 = a 20 ft container)
01 May 2005
Company Number of ships Company TEU
Maersk Sealand incl. Safmarine 387 Maersk Sealand incl. Safmarine 1,036,582
Mediterranean 257 Mediterranean 681,334
CMA-CGM Group 185 P & O Nedlloyd * 460,203
P & O Nedlloyd * 162 Evergreen 439,538
Evergreen 153 CMA-CGM Group 412,007
COSCO 118 APL 315,879
China Shipping C.L. (CSCL) 111 Hanjin-Senator 298,173
NYK Line 105 China Shipping C.L. (CSCL) 290,089
APL 99 COSCO 289,800
Pacific International Lines 97 NYK Line 281,722
Zim Integrated Shipping Services 93 OOCL 237,318
CSAV Group 83 CSAV Group 215,992


(SOURCE: BRS-Alphaliner)

* Maersk is in merger talks to acquire P & O Nedlloyd (11 May 2005).

Other container systems

Related topics

In Fiction

The containerization system, containers, tracking of containers, and moving of containers is extensively made use of in the HBO television series The Wire.

External links

Template:Freight carsda:Container de:Container fa:بارگُنج fr:Conteneur nl:Container ja:コンテナ sv:Container vi:Cngtenơ zh:集装箱

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