Affricate consonant
From Academic Kids
| Manners of articulation |
| Nasal |
| Plosive |
| Fricative |
| Affricate |
| Lateral |
| Approximant |
| Semivowel |
| Liquid |
| Flap/Tap |
| Trill |
| Ejective |
| Implosive |
| Click |
| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
| [Edit] (http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php?title=Template:Manner_of_articulation&action=edit) |
Affricate consonants begin like stops (most often an alveovelar, such as Template:IPA or Template:IPA) and that doesn't have a release of its own, but opens directly into a fricative such as Template:IPA or Template:IPA (or, in one language, into a trill).
| Contents |
Samples
The English sounds spelt "ch" and "j" (transcribed Template:IPA and Template:IPA in IPA), German and Italian z Template:IPA and Italian z Template:IPA are typical affricates. These sounds are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese.
Much less common are e.g. labiodental affricates, such as Template:IPA in German, or velar affricates, such as Template:IPA in Setswana (written kg) or High Alemannic Swiss German dialects (depending on the dialect also uvular Template:IPA). Worldwide, only a few languages have affricates in these positions, even though the corresponding stop consonants are virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative is lateral, such as the Template:IPA sound found in Nahuatl and Totonac. Many Athabaskan languages (such as Chipewyan and Navajo) have series of coronal affricates which may be unaspirated, aspirated, or ejective in addition to being interdental/dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral, i.e. Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA. Affricates may also be contrasted by palatalization, as in the Erzya language, where voiceless alveolar, postalveolar and palatal affricates are contrasted.
Notation
Affricates are often represented by the two sounds they consist of (e.g. Template:IPA, Template:IPA). However, single signs for the affricates may be desirable, in order to stress that they function as unitary speech segments (i.e. as phonemes). In this case, the IPA recommends to join the two elements of the affricate by a tie bar (e.g. Template:IPA, Template:IPA). The ligatures are available in Unicode for six common affricates Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA.
Another method is to indicate the frication part of the affricate with a superscript, e.g. Template:IPA, Template:IPA.
In other phonetic transcription systems, such as the Americanist system, the affricates Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA (also written Template:IPA) are represented as Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA respectively. The affricates Template:IPA (IPA: Template:IPA) and Template:IPA (IPA: Template:IPA) are often written as Template:IPA and Template:IPA, especially in older literature.
Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences
Affricates can contrast with stop-fricative sequences. Examples include:
- Polish: Template:IPA in czysta 'clean (f.)' vs. Template:IPA in trzysta 'three hundred',
and
- Klallam: Template:IPA in Template:IPA 'look at me' vs. Template:IPA in Template:IPA 'he looks at it'.
The difference is that in the stop-fricative sequence, the stop has a release of its own before the fricative starts. It may have a syllable boundary between the stop and the fricative (always in English).
Affricates and stop-fricative sequences are also distinguished phonemically. In English, Template:IPA and Template:IPA (as in nuts and nods) are considered to be sequences of a stop phoneme and a fricative phoneme even though they are phonetically affricates, because they may have a morpheme boundary in them (e.g. nuts is nut + s). The real English affricate phonemes Template:IPA and Template:IPA cannot have a morpheme boundary, and in order to show that they are not sequences of phonemes, they can be written with the ligatures or tie bars, or different characters Template:IPA and Template:IPA, avoiding the ambiguous Template:IPA and Template:IPA.
List of affricates
- voiceless bialbial affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless labiodental affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless alveolar affricate Template:IPA
- voiced alveolar affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless alveolar lateral affricate Template:IPA
- voiced alveolar lateral affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate Template:IPA
- voiced alveolo-palatal affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless postalveolar affricate Template:IPA
- voiced postalveolar affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless velar affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless uvular affricate Template:IPA
- voiceless palatal affricate Template:IPA
References
- Montler, Timothy. (2005). [personal communication].
